path: root/README.md

# args

#### Note that this library is essentially in maintenance mode.  I haven't had the time to work on it or give it the love that it deserves.  I'm not adding new features, but I will fix bugs.  I will also very gladly accept pull requests.

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A simple, small, flexible, single-header C++11 argument parsing library, in
fewer than 2K lines of code.

This is designed to appear somewhat similar to Python's argparse, but in C++,
with static type checking, and hopefully a lot faster (also allowing fully
nestable group logic, where Python's argparse does not).

UTF-8 support is limited at best.  No normalization is performed, so non-ascii
characters are very best kept out of flags, and combined glyphs are probably
going to mess up help output if you use them.  Most UTF-8 necessary for
internationalization should work for most cases, though heavily combinatory UTF
alphabets may wreak havoc.

This program is MIT-licensed, so you can use the header as-is with no
restrictions. I'd appreciate attribution in a README, Man page, or something if
you are feeling generous, but all that's required is that you don't remove the
license and my name from the header of the args.hxx file in source
redistributions (ie. don't pretend that you wrote it).  I do welcome additions
and updates wherever you feel like contributing code.

The API documentation can be found at https://taywee.github.io/args

The code can be downloaded at https://github.com/Taywee/args

There are also somewhat extensive examples below.

You can find the complete test cases at
https://github.com/Taywee/args/blob/master/test.cxx, which should very well
describe the usage, as it's built to push the boundaries.

# What does it do?

It:

* Lets you handle flags, flag+value, and positional arguments simply and
  elegently, with the full help of static typechecking.
* Allows you to use your own types in a pretty simple way.
* Lets you use count flags, and lists of all argument-accepting types.
* Allows full validation of groups of required arguments, though output isn't
  pretty when something fails group validation.  User validation functions are
  accepted.  Groups are fully nestable.
* Generates pretty help for you, with some good tweakable parameters.
* Lets you customize all prefixes and most separators, allowing you to create
  an infinite number of different argument syntaxes
* Lets you parse, by default, any type that has a stream extractor operator for
  it.  If this doesn't work for your uses, you can supply a function and parse
  the string yourself if you like.
* Lets you decide not to allow separate-argument value flags or joined ones
  (like disallowing `--foo bar`, requiring `--foo=bar`, or the inverse, or the
  same for short options).
* Allows you to create subparsers, to reuse arguments for multiple commands and
  to refactor your command's logic to a function or lambda
* Allows one value flag to take a specific number of values (like `--foo first
  second`, where --foo slurps both arguments).
* Allows you to have value flags only optionally accept values

# What does it not do?

There are tons of things this library does not do!

## It will not ever:

* Allow you to intermix multiple different prefix types (eg. `++foo` and
  `--foo` in the same parser), though shortopt and longopt prefixes can be
  different.
* Allow you to make flags sensitive to order (like gnu find), or make them
  sensitive to relative ordering with positionals.  The only orderings that are
  order-sensitive are:
    * Positionals relative to one-another
    * List positionals or flag values to each of their own respective items
* Allow you to use a positional list before any other positionals (the last
  argument list will slurp all subsequent positional arguments).  The logic for
  allowing this would be a lot more code than I'd like, and would make static
  checking much more difficult, requiring us to sort std::string arguments and
  pair them to positional arguments before assigning them, rather than what we
  currently do, which is assiging them as we go for better simplicity and
  speed.  The library doesn't stop you from trying, but the first positional
  list will slurp in all following positionals

# How do I install it?

```shell
sudo make install
```

Or, to install it somewhere special (default is `/usr/local`):

```shell
sudo make install DESTDIR=/opt/mydir
```

You can also copy the file into your source tree, if you want to be absolutely
sure you keep a stable API between projects.

## I also want man pages.

```shell
make doc/man
sudo make installman
```

This requires Doxygen

## I want the doxygen documentation locally

```shell
doxygen Doxyfile
```

Your docs are now in doc/html

# How do I use it?

Create an ArgumentParser, modify its attributes to fit your needs, add
arguments through regular argument objects (or create your own), and match them
with an args::Matcher object (check its construction details in the doxygen
documentation.

Then you can either call it with args::ArgumentParser::ParseCLI for the full
command line with program name, or args::ArgumentParser::ParseArgs with
just the arguments to be parsed.  The argument and group variables can then be
interpreted as a boolean to see if they've been matched.

All variables can be pulled (including the boolean match status for regular
args::Flag variables) with args::get.

# Group validation is weird.  How do I get more helpful output for failed validation?

This is unfortunately not possible, given the power of the groups available.
For instance, if you have a group validation that works like 
`(A && B) || (C && (D XOR E))`, how is this library going to be able to
determine what exactly when wrong when it fails?  It only knows that the
entire expression evaluated false, not specifically what the user did wrong
(and this is doubled over by the fact that validation operations are ordinary
functions without any special meaning to the library).  As you are the only one
who understands the logic of your program, if you want useful group messages,
you have to catch the ValidationError as a special case and check your own
groups and spit out messages accordingly.

# Is it developed with regression tests?

Yes.  tests.cxx in the git repository has a set of standard tests (which are
still relatively small in number, but I would welcome some expansion here), and
thanks to Travis CI and AppVeyor, these tests run with every single push:

```shell
% make runtests
g++ test.cxx -o test.o -I. -std=c++11 -O2 -c -MMD
g++ -o test test.o -std=c++11 -O2
./test
===============================================================================
All tests passed (74 assertions in 15 test cases)

%
```

The testing library used is [Catch](https://github.com/philsquared/Catch).

# Examples

All the code examples here will be complete code examples, with some output.

## Simple example:

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <args.hxx>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser parser("This is a test program.", "This goes after the options.");
    args::HelpFlag help(parser, "help", "Display this help menu", {'h', "help"});
    try
    {
        parser.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << parser;
        return 0;
    }
    catch (args::ParseError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
 % ./test
 % ./test -h
  ./test {OPTIONS} 

    This is a test program. 

  OPTIONS:

      -h, --help         Display this help menu 

    This goes after the options. 
 % 
```

## Boolean flags, special group types, different matcher construction:

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <args.hxx>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser parser("This is a test program.", "This goes after the options.");
    args::Group group(parser, "This group is all exclusive:", args::Group::Validators::Xor);
    args::Flag foo(group, "foo", "The foo flag", {'f', "foo"});
    args::Flag bar(group, "bar", "The bar flag", {'b'});
    args::Flag baz(group, "baz", "The baz flag", {"baz"});
    try
    {
        parser.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << parser;
        return 0;
    }
    catch (args::ParseError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    catch (args::ValidationError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    if (foo) { std::cout << "foo" << std::endl; }
    if (bar) { std::cout << "bar" << std::endl; }
    if (baz) { std::cout << "baz" << std::endl; }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
 % ./test   
Group validation failed somewhere!
  ./test {OPTIONS} 

    This is a test program. 

  OPTIONS:

                         This group is all exclusive:
        -f, --foo          The foo flag 
        -b                 The bar flag 
        --baz              The baz flag 

    This goes after the options. 
 % ./test -f
foo
 % ./test --foo
foo
 % ./test --foo -f
foo
 % ./test -b      
bar
 % ./test --baz
baz
 % ./test --baz -f
Group validation failed somewhere!
  ./test {OPTIONS} 

    This is a test program. 
...
 % ./test --baz -fb
Group validation failed somewhere!
  ./test {OPTIONS} 
...
 % 
```

## Argument flags, Positional arguments, lists

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <args.hxx>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser parser("This is a test program.", "This goes after the options.");
    args::HelpFlag help(parser, "help", "Display this help menu", {'h', "help"});
    args::ValueFlag<int> integer(parser, "integer", "The integer flag", {'i'});
    args::ValueFlagList<char> characters(parser, "characters", "The character flag", {'c'});
    args::Positional<std::string> foo(parser, "foo", "The foo position");
    args::PositionalList<double> numbers(parser, "numbers", "The numbers position list");
    try
    {
        parser.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << parser;
        return 0;
    }
    catch (args::ParseError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    catch (args::ValidationError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    if (integer) { std::cout << "i: " << args::get(integer) << std::endl; }
    if (characters) { for (const auto ch: args::get(characters)) { std::cout << "c: " << ch << std::endl; } }
    if (foo) { std::cout << "f: " << args::get(foo) << std::endl; }
    if (numbers) { for (const auto nm: args::get(numbers)) { std::cout << "n: " << nm << std::endl; } }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
% ./test -h
  ./test {OPTIONS} [foo] [numbers...] 

    This is a test program. 

  OPTIONS:

      -h, --help         Display this help menu 
      -i integer         The integer flag 
      -c characters      The character flag 
      foo                The foo position 
      numbers            The numbers position list 
      "--" can be used to terminate flag options and force all following
      arguments to be treated as positional options 

    This goes after the options. 
 % ./test -i 5
i: 5
 % ./test -i 5.2
Argument 'integer' received invalid value type '5.2'
  ./test {OPTIONS} [foo] [numbers...] 
 % ./test -c 1 -c 2 -c 3
c: 1
c: 2
c: 3
 % 
 % ./test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
f: 1
n: 2
n: 3
n: 4
n: 5
n: 6
n: 7
n: 8
n: 9
 % ./test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a
Argument 'numbers' received invalid value type 'a'
  ./test {OPTIONS} [foo] [numbers...] 

    This is a test program. 
...
```

## Commands

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <args.hxx>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser p("git-like parser");
    args::Group commands(p, "commands");
    args::Command add(commands, "add", "add file contents to the index");
    args::Command commit(commands, "commit", "record changes to the repository");
    args::Group arguments(p, "arguments", args::Group::Validators::DontCare, args::Options::Global);
    args::ValueFlag<std::string> gitdir(arguments, "path", "", {"git-dir"});
    args::HelpFlag h(arguments, "help", "help", {'h', "help"});
    args::PositionalList<std::string> pathsList(arguments, "paths", "files to commit");

    try
    {
        p.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
        if (add)
        {
            std::cout << "Add";
        }
        else
        {
            std::cout << "Commit";
        }

        for (auto &&path : pathsList)
        {
            std::cout << ' ' << path;
        }

        std::cout << std::endl;
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << p;
    }
    catch (args::Error& e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl << p;
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
% ./test -h
  ./test COMMAND [paths...] {OPTIONS}

    git-like parser

  OPTIONS:

      commands
        add                               add file contents to the index
        commit                            record changes to the repository
      arguments
        --git-dir=[path]
        -h, --help                        help
        paths...                          files
      "--" can be used to terminate flag options and force all following
      arguments to be treated as positional options

% ./test add 1 2
Add 1 2
```

## Refactoring commands

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "args.hxx"

args::Group arguments("arguments");
args::ValueFlag<std::string> gitdir(arguments, "path", "", {"git-dir"});
args::HelpFlag h(arguments, "help", "help", {'h', "help"});
args::PositionalList<std::string> pathsList(arguments, "paths", "files to commit");

void CommitCommand(args::Subparser &parser)
{
    args::ValueFlag<std::string> message(parser, "MESSAGE", "commit message", {'m'});
    parser.Parse();

    std::cout << "Commit";

    for (auto &&path : pathsList)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << path;
    }

    std::cout << std::endl;

    if (message)
    {
        std::cout << "message: " << args::get(message) << std::endl;
    }
}

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser p("git-like parser");
    args::Group commands(p, "commands");
    args::Command add(commands, "add", "add file contents to the index", [&](args::Subparser &parser)
    {
        parser.Parse();
        std::cout << "Add";

        for (auto &&path : pathsList)
        {
            std::cout << ' ' << path;
        }

        std::cout << std::endl;
    });

    args::Command commit(commands, "commit", "record changes to the repository", &CommitCommand);
    args::GlobalOptions globals(p, arguments);

    try
    {
        p.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << p;
    }
    catch (args::Error& e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl << p;
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
% ./test -h
  ./test COMMAND [paths...] {OPTIONS}

    git-like parser

  OPTIONS:

      commands
        add                               add file contents to the index
        commit                            record changes to the repository
      arguments
        --git-dir=[path]
        -h, --help                        help
        paths...                          files
      "--" can be used to terminate flag options and force all following
      arguments to be treated as positional options

% ./test add 1 2
Add 1 2

% ./test commit -m "my commit message" 1 2
Commit 1 2
message: my commit message
```

# Custom type parsers (here we use std::tuple)

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <tuple>

std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, std::tuple<int, int>& ints)
{
    is >> std::get<0>(ints);
    is.get();
    is >> std::get<1>(ints);
    return is;
}

#include <args.hxx>

struct DoublesReader
{
    void operator()(const std::string &name, const std::string &value, std::tuple<double, double> &destination)
    {
        size_t commapos = 0;
        std::get<0>(destination) = std::stod(value, &commapos);
        std::get<1>(destination) = std::stod(std::string(value, commapos + 1));
    }
};

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser parser("This is a test program.");
    args::Positional<std::tuple<int, int>> ints(parser, "INTS", "This takes a pair of integers.");
    args::Positional<std::tuple<double, double>, DoublesReader> doubles(parser, "DOUBLES", "This takes a pair of doubles.");
    try
    {
        parser.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << parser;
        return 0;
    }
    catch (args::ParseError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    if (ints)
    {
        std::cout << "ints found: " << std::get<0>(args::get(ints)) << " and " << std::get<1>(args::get(ints)) << std::endl;
    }
    if (doubles)
    {
        std::cout << "doubles found: " << std::get<0>(args::get(doubles)) << " and " << std::get<1>(args::get(doubles)) << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
 % ./test -h
Argument could not be matched: 'h'
  ./test [INTS] [DOUBLES] 

    This is a test program. 

  OPTIONS:

      INTS               This takes a pair of integers. 
      DOUBLES            This takes a pair of doubles. 

 % ./test 5
ints found: 5 and 0
 % ./test 5,8
ints found: 5 and 8
 % ./test 5,8 2.4,8
ints found: 5 and 8
doubles found: 2.4 and 8
 % ./test 5,8 2.4, 
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::invalid_argument'
  what():  stod
zsh: abort      ./test 5,8 2.4,
 % ./test 5,8 2.4 
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::out_of_range'
  what():  basic_string::basic_string: __pos (which is 4) > this->size() (which is 3)
zsh: abort      ./test 5,8 2.4
 % ./test 5,8 2.4-7
ints found: 5 and 8
doubles found: 2.4 and 7
 % ./test 5,8 2.4,-7
ints found: 5 and 8
doubles found: 2.4 and -7
```

As you can see, with your own types, validation can get a little weird.  Make
sure to check and throw a parsing error (or whatever error you want to catch)
if you can't fully deduce your type.  The built-in validator will only throw if
there are unextracted characters left in the stream.

## Long descriptions and proper wrapping and listing

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <args.hxx>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser parser("This is a test program with a really long description that is probably going to have to be wrapped across multiple different lines.  This is a test to see how the line wrapping works", "This goes after the options.  This epilog is also long enough that it will have to be properly wrapped to display correctly on the screen");
    args::HelpFlag help(parser, "HELP", "Show this help menu.", {'h', "help"});
    args::ValueFlag<std::string> foo(parser, "FOO", "The foo flag.", {'a', 'b', 'c', "a", "b", "c", "the-foo-flag"});
    args::ValueFlag<std::string> bar(parser, "BAR", "The bar flag.  This one has a lot of options, and will need wrapping in the description, along with its long flag list.", {'d', 'e', 'f', "d", "e", "f"});
    args::ValueFlag<std::string> baz(parser, "FOO", "The baz flag.  This one has a lot of options, and will need wrapping in the description, even with its short flag list.", {"baz"});
    args::Positional<std::string> pos1(parser, "POS1", "The pos1 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist1(parser, "POSLIST1", "The poslist1 argument.");
    args::Positional<std::string> pos2(parser, "POS2", "The pos2 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist2(parser, "POSLIST2", "The poslist2 argument.");
    args::Positional<std::string> pos3(parser, "POS3", "The pos3 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist3(parser, "POSLIST3", "The poslist3 argument.");
    args::Positional<std::string> pos4(parser, "POS4", "The pos4 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist4(parser, "POSLIST4", "The poslist4 argument.");
    args::Positional<std::string> pos5(parser, "POS5", "The pos5 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist5(parser, "POSLIST5", "The poslist5 argument.");
    args::Positional<std::string> pos6(parser, "POS6", "The pos6 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist6(parser, "POSLIST6", "The poslist6 argument.");
    args::Positional<std::string> pos7(parser, "POS7", "The pos7 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist7(parser, "POSLIST7", "The poslist7 argument.");
    args::Positional<std::string> pos8(parser, "POS8", "The pos8 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist8(parser, "POSLIST8", "The poslist8 argument.");
    args::Positional<std::string> pos9(parser, "POS9", "The pos9 argument.");
    args::PositionalList<std::string> poslist9(parser, "POSLIST9", "The poslist9 argument.");
    try
    {
        parser.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << parser;
        return 0;
    }
    catch (args::ParseError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    catch (args::ValidationError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
 % ./test -h
  ./test {OPTIONS} [POS1] [POSLIST1...] [POS2] [POSLIST2...] [POS3]
      [POSLIST3...] [POS4] [POSLIST4...] [POS5] [POSLIST5...] [POS6]
      [POSLIST6...] [POS7] [POSLIST7...] [POS8] [POSLIST8...] [POS9]
      [POSLIST9...] 

    This is a test program with a really long description that is probably going
    to have to be wrapped across multiple different lines. This is a test to see
    how the line wrapping works 

  OPTIONS:

      -h, --help         Show this help menu. 
      -a FOO, -b FOO, -c FOO, --a FOO, --b FOO, --c FOO, --the-foo-flag FOO
                         The foo flag. 
      -d BAR, -e BAR, -f BAR, --d BAR, --e BAR, --f BAR
                         The bar flag. This one has a lot of options, and will
                         need wrapping in the description, along with its long
                         flag list. 
      --baz FOO          The baz flag. This one has a lot of options, and will
                         need wrapping in the description, even with its short
                         flag list. 
      POS1               The pos1 argument. 
      POSLIST1           The poslist1 argument. 
      POS2               The pos2 argument. 
      POSLIST2           The poslist2 argument. 
      POS3               The pos3 argument. 
      POSLIST3           The poslist3 argument. 
      POS4               The pos4 argument. 
      POSLIST4           The poslist4 argument. 
      POS5               The pos5 argument. 
      POSLIST5           The poslist5 argument. 
      POS6               The pos6 argument. 
      POSLIST6           The poslist6 argument. 
      POS7               The pos7 argument. 
      POSLIST7           The poslist7 argument. 
      POS8               The pos8 argument. 
      POSLIST8           The poslist8 argument. 
      POS9               The pos9 argument. 
      POSLIST9           The poslist9 argument. 
      "--" can be used to terminate flag options and force all following
      arguments to be treated as positional options 

    This goes after the options. This epilog is also long enough that it will
    have to be properly wrapped to display correctly on the screen 
 %
```

## Customizing parser prefixes

### dd-style

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <args.hxx>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser parser("This command likes to break your disks");
    parser.LongPrefix("");
    parser.LongSeparator("=");
    args::HelpFlag help(parser, "HELP", "Show this help menu.", {"help"});
    args::ValueFlag<long> bs(parser, "BYTES", "Block size", {"bs"}, 512);
    args::ValueFlag<long> skip(parser, "BYTES", "Bytes to skip", {"skip"}, 0);
    args::ValueFlag<std::string> input(parser, "BLOCK SIZE", "Block size", {"if"});
    args::ValueFlag<std::string> output(parser, "BLOCK SIZE", "Block size", {"of"});
    try
    {
        parser.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << parser;
        return 0;
    }
    catch (args::ParseError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    catch (args::ValidationError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        std::cerr << parser;
        return 1;
    }
    std::cout << "bs = " << args::get(bs) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "skip = " << args::get(skip) << std::endl;
    if (input) { std::cout << "if = " << args::get(input) << std::endl; }
    if (output) { std::cout << "of = " << args::get(output) << std::endl; }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
 % ./test help
  ./test {OPTIONS}

    This command likes to break your disks

  OPTIONS:

      help                              Show this help menu.
      bs=[BYTES]                        Block size
      skip=[BYTES]                      Bytes to skip
      if=[BLOCK SIZE]                   Block size
      of=[BLOCK SIZE]                   Block size

 % ./test bs=1024 skip=7 if=/tmp/input
bs = 1024
skip = 7
if = /tmp/input
```

### Windows style

The code is the same as above, but the two lines are replaced out:

```cpp
parser.LongPrefix("/");
parser.LongSeparator(":");
```

```shell
 % ./test /help     
  ./test {OPTIONS}

    This command likes to break your disks

  OPTIONS:

      /help                             Show this help menu.
      /bs:[BYTES]                       Block size
      /skip:[BYTES]                     Bytes to skip
      /if:[BLOCK SIZE]                  Block size
      /of:[BLOCK SIZE]                  Block size

 % ./test /bs:72 /skip:87 /if:/tmp/test.txt
bs = 72
skip = 87
if = /tmp/test.txt
 % 
```

## Group nesting help menu text

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <args.hxx>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    args::ArgumentParser parser("This is a test program.", "This goes after the options.");
    args::Group xorgroup(parser, "this group provides xor validation:", args::Group::Validators::Xor);
    args::Flag a(xorgroup, "a", "test flag", {'a'});
    args::Flag b(xorgroup, "b", "test flag", {'b'});
    args::Flag c(xorgroup, "c", "test flag", {'c'});
    args::Group nxor(xorgroup, "this group provides all-or-none (nxor) validation:", args::Group::Validators::AllOrNone);
    args::Flag d(nxor, "d", "test flag", {'d'});
    args::Flag e(nxor, "e", "test flag", {'e'});
    args::Flag f(nxor, "f", "test flag", {'f'});
    args::Group nxor2(nxor, "this group provides all-or-none (nxor2) validation:", args::Group::Validators::AllOrNone);
    args::Flag i(nxor2, "i", "test flag", {'i'});
    args::Flag j(nxor2, "j", "test flag", {'j'});
    args::Flag k(nxor2, "k", "test flag", {'k'});
    args::Group nxor3(nxor, "this group provides all-or-none (nxor3) validation:", args::Group::Validators::AllOrNone);
    args::Flag l(nxor3, "l", "test flag", {'l'});
    args::Flag m(nxor3, "m", "test flag", {'m'});
    args::Flag n(nxor3, "n", "test flag", {'n'});
    args::Group atleastone(xorgroup, "this group provides at-least-one validation:", args::Group::Validators::AtLeastOne);
    args::Flag g(atleastone, "g", "test flag", {'g'});
    args::Flag o(atleastone, "o", "test flag", {'o'});
    args::HelpFlag help(parser, "help", "Show this help menu", {'h', "help"});
    try
    {
        parser.ParseCLI(argc, argv);
    }
    catch (args::Help)
    {
        std::cout << parser;
        return 0;
    }
    catch (args::ParseError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        parser.Help(std::cerr);
        return 1;
    }
    catch (args::ValidationError e)
    {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        parser.Help(std::cerr);
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
```

```shell
 % /tmp/test -h
  /tmp/test {OPTIONS} 

    This is a test program. 

  OPTIONS:

                         this group provides xor validation: 
        -a                 test flag 
        -b                 test flag 
        -c                 test flag 
                           this group provides all-or-none (nxor) validation: 
          -d                 test flag 
          -e                 test flag 
          -f                 test flag 
                             this group provides all-or-none (nxor2) validation:
            -i                 test flag 
            -j                 test flag 
            -k                 test flag 
                             this group provides all-or-none (nxor3) validation:
            -l                 test flag 
            -m                 test flag 
            -n                 test flag 
                           this group provides at-least-one validation: 
          -g                 test flag 
          -o                 test flag 
      -h, --help         Show this help menu 

    This goes after the options. 
 %                                                                                
```

# Mapping arguments

I haven't written out a long example for this, but here's the test case you should be able to discern the meaning from:

```cpp
bool ToLowerReader(const std::string &name, const std::string &value, std::string &destination)
{
    destination = value;
    std::transform(destination.begin(), destination.end(), destination.begin(), ::tolower);
    return true;
}

TEST_CASE("Mapping types work as needed", "[args]")
{
    std::unordered_map<std::string, MappingEnum> map{
        {"default", MappingEnum::def},
        {"foo", MappingEnum::foo},
        {"bar", MappingEnum::bar},
        {"red", MappingEnum::red},
        {"yellow", MappingEnum::yellow},
        {"green", MappingEnum::green}};
    args::ArgumentParser parser("This is a test program.", "This goes after the options.");
    args::MapFlag<std::string, MappingEnum> dmf(parser, "DMF", "Maps string to an enum", {"dmf"}, map);
    args::MapFlag<std::string, MappingEnum> mf(parser, "MF", "Maps string to an enum", {"mf"}, map);
    args::MapFlag<std::string, MappingEnum, ToLowerReader> cimf(parser, "CIMF", "Maps string to an enum case-insensitively", {"cimf"}, map);
    args::MapFlagList<std::string, MappingEnum> mfl(parser, "MFL", "Maps string to an enum list", {"mfl"}, map);
    args::MapPositional<std::string, MappingEnum> mp(parser, "MP", "Maps string to an enum", map);
    args::MapPositionalList<std::string, MappingEnum> mpl(parser, "MPL", "Maps string to an enum list", map);
    parser.ParseArgs(std::vector<std::string>{"--mf=red", "--cimf=YeLLoW", "--mfl=bar", "foo", "--mfl=green", "red", "--mfl", "bar", "default"});
    REQUIRE_FALSE(dmf);
    REQUIRE(args::get(dmf) == MappingEnum::def);
    REQUIRE(mf);
    REQUIRE(args::get(mf) == MappingEnum::red);
    REQUIRE(cimf);
    REQUIRE(args::get(cimf) == MappingEnum::yellow);
    REQUIRE(mfl);
    REQUIRE((args::get(mfl) == std::vector<MappingEnum>{MappingEnum::bar, MappingEnum::green, MappingEnum::bar}));
    REQUIRE(mp);
    REQUIRE((args::get(mp) == MappingEnum::foo));
    REQUIRE(mpl);
    REQUIRE((args::get(mpl) == std::vector<MappingEnum>{MappingEnum::red, MappingEnum::def}));
    REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(parser.ParseArgs(std::vector<std::string>{"--mf=YeLLoW"}), args::MapError);
}
```

# How fast is it?

This should not really be a question you ask when you are looking for an
argument-parsing library, but every test I've done shows args as being about
65% faster than TCLAP and 220% faster than boost::program_options.

The simplest benchmark I threw together is the following one, which parses the
command line `-i 7 -c a 2.7 --char b 8.4 -c c 8.8 --char d` with a parser that
parses -i as an int, -c as a list of chars, and the positional parameters as a
list of doubles (the command line was originally much more complex, but TCLAP's
limitations made me trim it down so I could use a common command line across
all libraries.  I also have to copy in the arguments list with every run,
because TCLAP permutes its argument list as it runs (and comparison would have
been unfair without comparing all about equally), but that surprisingly didn't
affect much.  Also tested is pulling the arguments out, but that was fast
compared to parsing, as would be expected.

### The run:

```shell
% g++ -obench bench.cxx -O2 -std=c++11 -lboost_program_options
% ./bench
args seconds to run: 0.895472
tclap seconds to run: 1.45001
boost::program_options seconds to run: 1.98972
%
```

### The benchmark:

```cpp
#undef NDEBUG
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <cassert>
#include "args.hxx"
#include <tclap/CmdLine.h>
#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
namespace po = boost::program_options;
using namespace std::chrono;
inline bool doubleequals(const double a, const double b)
{
    static const double delta = 0.0001;
    const double diff = a - b;
    return diff < delta && diff > -delta;
}
int main()
{
    const std::vector<std::string> carguments({"-i", "7", "-c", "a", "2.7", "--char", "b", "8.4", "-c", "c", "8.8", "--char", "d"});
    const std::vector<std::string> pcarguments({"progname", "-i", "7", "-c", "a", "2.7", "--char", "b", "8.4", "-c", "c", "8.8", "--char", "d"});
    // args
    {
        high_resolution_clock::time_point start = high_resolution_clock::now();
        for (unsigned int x = 0; x < 100000; ++x)
        {
            std::vector<std::string> arguments(carguments);
            args::ArgumentParser parser("This is a test program.", "This goes after the options.");
            args::ValueFlag<int> integer(parser, "integer", "The integer flag", {'i', "int"});
            args::ValueFlagList<char> characters(parser, "characters", "The character flag", {'c', "char"});
            args::PositionalList<double> numbers(parser, "numbers", "The numbers position list");
            parser.ParseArgs(arguments);
            const int i = args::get(integer);
            const std::vector<char> c(args::get(characters));
            const std::vector<double> n(args::get(numbers));
            assert(i == 7);
            assert(c[0] == 'a');
            assert(c[1] == 'b');
            assert(c[2] == 'c');
            assert(c[3] == 'd');
            assert(doubleequals(n[0], 2.7));
            assert(doubleequals(n[1], 8.4));
            assert(doubleequals(n[2], 8.8));
        }
        high_resolution_clock::duration runtime = high_resolution_clock::now() - start;
        std::cout << "args seconds to run: " << duration_cast<duration<double>>(runtime).count() << std::endl;
    }
    // tclap
    {
        high_resolution_clock::time_point start = high_resolution_clock::now();
        for (unsigned int x = 0; x < 100000; ++x)
        {
            std::vector<std::string> arguments(pcarguments);
            TCLAP::CmdLine cmd("Command description message", ' ', "0.9");
            TCLAP::ValueArg<int> integer("i", "int", "The integer flag", false, 0, "integer", cmd);
            TCLAP::MultiArg<char> characters("c", "char", "The character flag", false, "characters", cmd);
            TCLAP::UnlabeledMultiArg<double> numbers("numbers", "The numbers position list", false, "foo", cmd, false);
            cmd.parse(arguments);
            const int i = integer.getValue();
            const std::vector<char> c(characters.getValue());
            const std::vector<double> n(numbers.getValue());
            assert(i == 7);
            assert(c[0] == 'a');
            assert(c[1] == 'b');
            assert(c[2] == 'c');
            assert(c[3] == 'd');
            assert(doubleequals(n[0], 2.7));
            assert(doubleequals(n[1], 8.4));
            assert(doubleequals(n[2], 8.8));
        }
        high_resolution_clock::duration runtime = high_resolution_clock::now() - start;
        std::cout << "tclap seconds to run: " << duration_cast<duration<double>>(runtime).count() << std::endl;
    }
    // boost::program_options
    {
        high_resolution_clock::time_point start = high_resolution_clock::now();
        for (unsigned int x = 0; x < 100000; ++x)
        {
            std::vector<std::string> arguments(carguments);
            po::options_description desc("This is a test program.");
            desc.add_options()
                ("int,i", po::value<int>(), "The integer flag")
                ("char,c", po::value<std::vector<char>>(), "The character flag")
                ("numbers", po::value<std::vector<double>>(), "The numbers flag");
            po::positional_options_description p;
            p.add("numbers", -1);
            po::variables_map vm;
            po::store(po::command_line_parser(carguments).options(desc).positional(p).run(), vm);
            const int i = vm["int"].as<int>();
            const std::vector<char> c(vm["char"].as<std::vector<char>>());
            const std::vector<double> n(vm["numbers"].as<std::vector<double>>());
            assert(i == 7);
            assert(c[0] == 'a');
            assert(c[1] == 'b');
            assert(c[2] == 'c');
            assert(c[3] == 'd');
            assert(doubleequals(n[0], 2.7));
            assert(doubleequals(n[1], 8.4));
            assert(doubleequals(n[2], 8.8));
        }
        high_resolution_clock::duration runtime = high_resolution_clock::now() - start;
        std::cout << "boost::program_options seconds to run: " << duration_cast<duration<double>>(runtime).count() << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}
```

So, on top of being more flexible, smaller, and easier to read, it is faster
than the most common alternatives.