path: root/src/processor/stackwalker_x86.cc

// Copyright (c) 2006, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

// stackwalker_x86.cc: x86-specific stackwalker.
//
// See stackwalker_x86.h for documentation.
//
// Author: Mark Mentovai


#include "processor/postfix_evaluator-inl.h"

#include "processor/stackwalker_x86.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/call_stack.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/code_modules.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/memory_region.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/stack_frame_cpu.h"
#include "processor/linked_ptr.h"
#include "processor/logging.h"
#include "processor/stack_frame_info.h"

namespace google_breakpad {


StackwalkerX86::StackwalkerX86(const SystemInfo *system_info,
                               const MDRawContextX86 *context,
                               MemoryRegion *memory,
                               const CodeModules *modules,
                               SymbolSupplier *supplier,
                               SourceLineResolverInterface *resolver)
    : Stackwalker(system_info, memory, modules, supplier, resolver),
      context_(context) {
  if (memory_->GetBase() + memory_->GetSize() - 1 > 0xffffffff) {
    // The x86 is a 32-bit CPU, the limits of the supplied stack are invalid.
    // Mark memory_ = NULL, which will cause stackwalking to fail.
    BPLOG(ERROR) << "Memory out of range for stackwalking: " <<
                    HexString(memory_->GetBase()) << "+" <<
                    HexString(memory_->GetSize());
    memory_ = NULL;
  }
}


StackFrame* StackwalkerX86::GetContextFrame() {
  if (!context_ || !memory_) {
    BPLOG(ERROR) << "Can't get context frame without context or memory";
    return NULL;
  }

  StackFrameX86 *frame = new StackFrameX86();

  // The instruction pointer is stored directly in a register, so pull it
  // straight out of the CPU context structure.
  frame->context = *context_;
  frame->context_validity = StackFrameX86::CONTEXT_VALID_ALL;
  frame->instruction = frame->context.eip;

  return frame;
}


StackFrame* StackwalkerX86::GetCallerFrame(
    const CallStack *stack,
    const vector< linked_ptr<StackFrameInfo> > &stack_frame_info) {
  if (!memory_ || !stack) {
    BPLOG(ERROR) << "Can't get caller frame without memory or stack";
    return NULL;
  }

  StackFrameX86 *last_frame = static_cast<StackFrameX86*>(
      stack->frames()->back());
  StackFrameInfo *last_frame_info = stack_frame_info.back().get();

  // This stackwalker sets each frame's %esp to its value immediately prior
  // to the CALL into the callee.  This means that %esp points to the last
  // callee argument pushed onto the stack, which may not be where %esp points
  // after the callee returns.  Specifically, the value is correct for the
  // cdecl calling convention, but not other conventions.  The cdecl
  // convention requires a caller to pop its callee's arguments from the
  // stack after the callee returns.  This is usually accomplished by adding
  // the known size of the arguments to %esp.  Other calling conventions,
  // including stdcall, thiscall, and fastcall, require the callee to pop any
  // parameters stored on the stack before returning.  This is usually
  // accomplished by using the RET n instruction, which pops n bytes off
  // the stack after popping the return address.
  //
  // Because each frame's %esp will point to a location on the stack after
  // callee arguments have been PUSHed, when locating things in a stack frame
  // relative to %esp, the size of the arguments to the callee need to be
  // taken into account.  This seems a little bit unclean, but it's better
  // than the alternative, which would need to take these same things into
  // account, but only for cdecl functions.  With this implementation, we get
  // to be agnostic about each function's calling convention.  Furthermore,
  // this is how Windows debugging tools work, so it means that the %esp
  // values produced by this stackwalker directly correspond to the %esp
  // values you'll see there.
  //
  // If the last frame has no callee (because it's the context frame), just
  // set the callee parameter size to 0: the stack pointer can't point to
  // callee arguments because there's no callee.  This is correct as long
  // as the context wasn't captured while arguments were being pushed for
  // a function call.  Note that there may be functions whose parameter sizes
  // are unknown, 0 is also used in that case.  When that happens, it should
  // be possible to walk to the next frame without reference to %esp.

  int frames_already_walked = stack_frame_info.size();
  u_int32_t last_frame_callee_parameter_size = 0;
  if (frames_already_walked >= 2) {
    StackFrameInfo *last_frame_callee_info =
        stack_frame_info[frames_already_walked - 2].get();
    if (last_frame_callee_info &&
        last_frame_callee_info->valid & StackFrameInfo::VALID_PARAMETER_SIZE) {
      last_frame_callee_parameter_size =
          last_frame_callee_info->parameter_size;
    }
  }

  // Set up the dictionary for the PostfixEvaluator.  %ebp and %esp are used
  // in each program string, and their previous values are known, so set them
  // here.  .cbCalleeParams is a Breakpad extension that allows us to use
  // the PostfixEvaluator engine when certain types of debugging information
  // are present without having to write the constants into the program string
  // as literals.
  PostfixEvaluator<u_int32_t>::DictionaryType dictionary;
  dictionary["$ebp"] = last_frame->context.ebp;
  dictionary["$esp"] = last_frame->context.esp;
  dictionary[".cbCalleeParams"] = last_frame_callee_parameter_size;

  if (last_frame_info && last_frame_info->valid == StackFrameInfo::VALID_ALL) {
    // FPO debugging data is available.  Initialize constants.
    dictionary[".cbSavedRegs"] = last_frame_info->saved_register_size;
    dictionary[".cbLocals"] = last_frame_info->local_size;
    dictionary[".raSearchStart"] = last_frame->context.esp +
                                   last_frame_callee_parameter_size +
                                   last_frame_info->local_size +
                                   last_frame_info->saved_register_size;
  }
  if (last_frame_info &&
      last_frame_info->valid & StackFrameInfo::VALID_PARAMETER_SIZE) {
    // This is treated separately because it can either come from FPO data or
    // from other debugging data.
    dictionary[".cbParams"] = last_frame_info->parameter_size;
  }

  // Decide what type of program string to use.  The program string is in
  // postfix notation and will be passed to PostfixEvaluator::Evaluate.
  // Given the dictionary and the program string, it is possible to compute
  // the return address and the values of other registers in the calling
  // function.  When encountering a nontraditional frame (one which takes
  // advantage of FPO), the stack may need to be scanned for these values.
  // For traditional frames, simple deterministic dereferencing suffices
  // without any need for scanning.  The results of program string evaluation
  // will be used to determine whether to scan for better values.
  string program_string;
  bool traditional_frame = true;
  bool recover_ebp = true;
  if (last_frame_info && last_frame_info->valid == StackFrameInfo::VALID_ALL) {
    // FPO data available.
    traditional_frame = false;
    if (!last_frame_info->program_string.empty()) {
      // The FPO data has its own program string, which will tell us how to
      // get to the caller frame, and may even fill in the values of
      // nonvolatile registers and provide pointers to local variables and
      // parameters.  In some cases, particularly with program strings that use
      // .raSearchStart, the stack may need to be scanned afterward.
      program_string = last_frame_info->program_string;
    } else if (last_frame_info->allocates_base_pointer) {
      // The function corresponding to the last frame doesn't use the frame
      // pointer for conventional purposes, but it does allocate a new
      // frame pointer and use it for its own purposes.  Its callee's
      // information is still accessed relative to %esp, and the previous
      // value of %ebp can be recovered from a location in its stack frame,
      // within the saved-register area.
      //
      // Functions that fall into this category use the %ebp register for
      // a purpose other than the frame pointer.  They restore the caller's
      // %ebp before returning.  These functions create their stack frame
      // after a CALL by decrementing the stack pointer in an amount
      // sufficient to store local variables, and then PUSHing saved
      // registers onto the stack.  Arguments to a callee function, if any,
      // are PUSHed after that.  Walking up to the caller, therefore,
      // can be done solely with calculations relative to the stack pointer
      // (%esp).  The return address is recovered from the memory location
      // above the known sizes of the callee's parameters, saved registers,
      // and locals.  The caller's stack pointer (the value of %esp when
      // the caller executed CALL) is the location immediately above the
      // saved return address.  The saved value of %ebp to be restored for
      // the caller is at a known location in the saved-register area of
      // the stack frame.
      //
      // For this type of frame, MSVC 14 (from Visual Studio 8/2005) in
      // link-time code generation mode (/LTCG and /GL) can generate erroneous
      // debugging data.  The reported size of saved registers can be 0,
      // which is clearly an error because these frames must, at the very
      // least, save %ebp.  For this reason, in addition to those given above
      // about the use of .raSearchStart, the stack may need to be scanned
      // for a better return address and a better frame pointer after the
      // program string is evaluated.
      //
      // %eip_new = *(%esp_old + callee_params + saved_regs + locals)
      // %ebp_new = *(%esp_old + callee_params + saved_regs - 8)
      // %esp_new = %esp_old + callee_params + saved_regs + locals + 4
      program_string = "$eip .raSearchStart ^ = "
                       "$ebp $esp .cbCalleeParams + .cbSavedRegs + 8 - ^ = "
                       "$esp .raSearchStart 4 + =";
    } else {
      // The function corresponding to the last frame doesn't use %ebp at
      // all.  The callee frame is located relative to %esp.
      //
      // The called procedure's instruction pointer and stack pointer are
      // recovered in the same way as the case above, except that no
      // frame pointer (%ebp) is used at all, so it is not saved anywhere
      // in the callee's stack frame and does not need to be recovered.
      // Because %ebp wasn't used in the callee, whatever value it has
      // is the value that it had in the caller, so it can be carried
      // straight through without bringing its validity into question.
      //
      // Because of the use of .raSearchStart, the stack will possibly be
      // examined to locate a better return address after program string
      // evaluation.  The stack will not be examined to locate a saved
      // %ebp value, because these frames do not save (or use) %ebp.
      //
      // %eip_new = *(%esp_old + callee_params + saved_regs + locals)
      // %esp_new = %esp_old + callee_params + saved_regs + locals + 4
      // %ebp_new = %ebp_old
      program_string = "$eip .raSearchStart ^ = "
                       "$esp .raSearchStart 4 + =";
      recover_ebp = false;
    }
  } else {
    // No FPO information is available for the last frame.  Assume that the
    // standard %ebp-using x86 calling convention is in use.
    //
    // The typical x86 calling convention, when frame pointers are present,
    // is for the calling procedure to use CALL, which pushes the return
    // address onto the stack and sets the instruction pointer (%eip) to
    // the entry point of the called routine.  The called routine then
    // PUSHes the calling routine's frame pointer (%ebp) onto the stack
    // before copying the stack pointer (%esp) to the frame pointer (%ebp).
    // Therefore, the calling procedure's frame pointer is always available
    // by dereferencing the called procedure's frame pointer, and the return
    // address is always available at the memory location immediately above
    // the address pointed to by the called procedure's frame pointer.  The
    // calling procedure's stack pointer (%esp) is 8 higher than the value
    // of the called procedure's frame pointer at the time the calling
    // procedure made the CALL: 4 bytes for the return address pushed by the
    // CALL itself, and 4 bytes for the callee's PUSH of the caller's frame
    // pointer.
    //
    // Instruction and frame pointer recovery for these traditional frames is
    // entirely deterministic, and the stack will not be scanned after
    // recovering these values.
    //
    // %eip_new = *(%ebp_old + 4)
    // %esp_new = %ebp_old + 8
    // %ebp_new = *(%ebp_old)
    program_string = "$eip $ebp 4 + ^ = "
                     "$esp $ebp 8 + = "
                     "$ebp $ebp ^ =";
  }

  // Now crank it out, making sure that the program string set at least the
  // two required variables.
  PostfixEvaluator<u_int32_t> evaluator =
      PostfixEvaluator<u_int32_t>(&dictionary, memory_);
  PostfixEvaluator<u_int32_t>::DictionaryValidityType dictionary_validity;
  if (!evaluator.Evaluate(program_string, &dictionary_validity) ||
      dictionary_validity.find("$eip") == dictionary_validity.end() ||
      dictionary_validity.find("$esp") == dictionary_validity.end()) {
    return NULL;
  }

  // If this stack frame did not use %ebp in a traditional way, locating the
  // return address isn't entirely deterministic.  In that case, the stack
  // can be scanned to locate the return address.
  //
  // Even in nontraditional frames, if program string evaluation resulted in
  // both %eip and %ebp values of 0, trust that the end of the stack has been
  // reached and don't scan for anything else.
  if (!traditional_frame &&
      (dictionary["$eip"] != 0 || dictionary["$ebp"] != 0)) {
    int offset = 0;

    // This scan can only be done if a CodeModules object is available, to
    // check that candidate return addresses are in fact inside a module.
    //
    // TODO(mmentovai): This ignores dynamically-generated code.  One possible
    // solution is to check the minidump's memory map to see if the candidate
    // %eip value comes from a mapped executable page, although this would
    // require dumps that contain MINIDUMP_MEMORY_INFO, which the Breakpad
    // client doesn't currently write (it would need to call MiniDumpWriteDump
    // with the MiniDumpWithFullMemoryInfo type bit set).  Even given this
    // ability, older OSes (pre-XP SP2) and CPUs (pre-P4) don't enforce
    // an independent execute privilege on memory pages.

    u_int32_t eip = dictionary["$eip"];
    if (modules_ && !modules_->GetModuleForAddress(eip)) {
      const int kRASearchWords = 15;

      // The instruction pointer at .raSearchStart was invalid, so start
      // looking one 32-bit word above that location.
      u_int32_t location_start = dictionary[".raSearchStart"] + 4;

      for (u_int32_t location = location_start;
           location <= location_start + kRASearchWords * 4;
           location += 4) {
        if (!memory_->GetMemoryAtAddress(location, &eip))
          break;

        if (modules_->GetModuleForAddress(eip)) {
          // This is a better return address that what program string
          // evaluation found.  Use it, and set %esp to the location above the
          // one where the return address was found.
          //
          // TODO(mmentovai): The return-address check can be made even
          // stronger in modules for which debugging data is available.  In
          // that case, it's possible to check that the candidate return
          // address is inside a known function.

          dictionary["$eip"] = eip;
          dictionary["$esp"] = location + 4;
          offset = location - location_start;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    // When trying to recover the previous value of the frame pointer (%ebp),
    // start looking at the lowest possible address in the saved-register
    // area, and look at the entire saved register area, increased by the
    // size of |offset| to account for additional data that may be on the
    // stack.  The scan is performed from the highest possible address to
    // the lowest, because we expect that the function's prolog would have
    // saved %ebp early.
    u_int32_t ebp = dictionary["$ebp"];
    u_int32_t value;  // throwaway variable to check pointer validity
    if (recover_ebp && !memory_->GetMemoryAtAddress(ebp, &value)) {
      int fp_search_bytes = last_frame_info->saved_register_size + offset;
      u_int32_t location_end = last_frame->context.esp +
                               last_frame_callee_parameter_size;

      for (u_int32_t location = location_end + fp_search_bytes;
           location >= location_end;
           location -= 4) {
        if (!memory_->GetMemoryAtAddress(location, &ebp))
          break;

        if (memory_->GetMemoryAtAddress(ebp, &value)) {
          // The candidate value is a pointer to the same memory region
          // (the stack).  Prefer it as a recovered %ebp result.
          dictionary["$ebp"] = ebp;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Treat an instruction address of 0 as end-of-stack.  Treat incorrect stack
  // direction as end-of-stack to enforce progress and avoid infinite loops.
  if (dictionary["$eip"] == 0 ||
      dictionary["$esp"] <= last_frame->context.esp) {
    return NULL;
  }

  // Create a new stack frame (ownership will be transferred to the caller)
  // and fill it in.
  StackFrameX86 *frame = new StackFrameX86();

  frame->context = last_frame->context;
  frame->context.eip = dictionary["$eip"];
  frame->context.esp = dictionary["$esp"];
  frame->context.ebp = dictionary["$ebp"];
  frame->context_validity = StackFrameX86::CONTEXT_VALID_EIP |
                                StackFrameX86::CONTEXT_VALID_ESP |
                                StackFrameX86::CONTEXT_VALID_EBP;

  // These are nonvolatile (callee-save) registers, and the program string
  // may have filled them in.
  if (dictionary_validity.find("$ebx") != dictionary_validity.end()) {
    frame->context.ebx = dictionary["$ebx"];
    frame->context_validity |= StackFrameX86::CONTEXT_VALID_EBX;
  }
  if (dictionary_validity.find("$esi") != dictionary_validity.end()) {
    frame->context.esi = dictionary["$esi"];
    frame->context_validity |= StackFrameX86::CONTEXT_VALID_ESI;
  }
  if (dictionary_validity.find("$edi") != dictionary_validity.end()) {
    frame->context.edi = dictionary["$edi"];
    frame->context_validity |= StackFrameX86::CONTEXT_VALID_EDI;
  }

  // frame->context.eip is the return address, which is one instruction
  // past the CALL that caused us to arrive at the callee.  Set
  // frame->instruction to one less than that.  This won't reference the
  // beginning of the CALL instruction, but it's guaranteed to be within the
  // CALL, which is sufficient to get the source line information to match up
  // with the line that contains a function call.  Callers that require the
  // exact return address value may access the context.eip field of
  // StackFrameX86.
  frame->instruction = frame->context.eip - 1;

  return frame;
}


}  // namespace google_breakpad